# Getting Started with HoneySQL

HoneySQL lets you build complex SQL statements by constructing
and composing Clojure data structures and then formatting that
data to a SQL statement (string) and any parameters it needs.

## Installation

For the Clojure CLI, add the following dependency to your `deps.edn` file:

```clojure
    seancorfield/honeysql {:mvn/version "2.0.0-alpha1"}
```

For Leiningen, add the following dependency to your `project.clj` file:

```clojure
    [seancorfield/honeysql "2.0.0-alpha1"]
```

HoneySQL produces SQL statements but does not execute them.
To execute SQL statements, you will also need a JDBC wrapper like
[`seancorfield/next.jdbc`](https://github.com/seancorfield/next-jdbc) and a JDBC driver for the database you use.

## Basic Concepts

SQL statements are represented as hash maps, with keys that
represent clauses in SQL. SQL expressions are generally
represented as vectors, where the first element identifies
the function or operator and the remaining elements are the
arguments or operands.

`honey.sql/format` takes a hash map representing a SQL
statement and produces a vector, suitable for use with
`next.jdbc` or `clojure.java.jdbc`, that has the generated
SQL string as the first element followed by any parameter
values identified in the SQL expressions:

```clojure
(ns my.example
  (:require [honey.sql :as sql]))

(sql/format {:select [:*], :from [:table], :where [:= :id 1]})
;; produces:
;;=> ["SELECT * FROM table WHERE id = ?" 1]
```

By default, any values found in the data structure, that are not keywords
or symbols, are treated as positional parameters and replaced
by `?` in the SQL string and lifted out into the vector that
is returned from `format`.

Most clauses expect a vector as their value, containing
either a list of SQL entities or the representation of a SQL
expression. Some clauses accept a single SQL entity. A few
accept a most specialized form (such as `:set` accepting a
hash map of SQL entities and SQL expressions).

A SQL entity can be a simple keyword (or symbol) or a pair
that represents a SQL entity and its alias (where aliases are allowed):

```clojure
(sql/format {:select [:t.id [:name :item]], :from [[:table :t]], :where [:= :id 1]})
;; produces:
;;=> ["SELECT t.id, name AS item FROM table AS t WHERE id = ?" 1]
```

The `FROM` clause now has a pair that identifies the SQL entity
`table` and its alias `t`. Columns can be identified either by
their qualified name (as in `:t.id`) or their unqualified name
(as in `:name`). The `SELECT` clause here identifies two SQL
entities: `t.id` and `name` with the latter aliased to `item`.

Symbols can also be used, but you need to quote them to
avoid evaluation:

```clojure
(sql/format '{select [t.id [name item]], from [[table t]], where [= id 1]})
;; or you can use (..) instead of [..] when quoted:
(sql/format '{select (t.id (name item)), from ((table t)), where (= id 1)})
;; also produces:
;;=> ["SELECT t.id, name AS item FROM table AS t WHERE id = ?" 1]
```

If you wish, you can specify SQL entities as namespace-qualified
keywords (or symbols) and the namespace portion will treated as
the table name, i.e., `:foo/bar` instead of `:foo.bar`:

```clojure
(sql/format {:select [:t/id [:name :item]], :from [[:table :t]], :where [:= :id 1]})
;; and
(sql/format '{select [t/id [name item]], from [[table t]], where [= id 1]})
;; both produce:
;;=> ["SELECT t.id, name AS item FROM table AS t WHERE id = ?" 1]
```

## SQL Expressions

In addition to using hash maps to describe SQL clauses,
HoneySQL uses vectors to describe SQL expressions. Any
sequence that begins with a keyword (or symbol) is considered
to be a kind of function invocation. Certain "functions" are
considered to be "special syntax" and have custom rendering.
Some "functions" are considered to be operators. In general,
`[:foo :a 42 "c"]` will render as `FOO(a, ?, ?)` with the parameters
`42` and `"c"` lifted out into the overall vector result
(with a SQL string followed by all its parameters).

Operators can be strictly binary or variadic (most are strictly binary).
Special syntax can have zero or more arguments and each form is
described in the [Special Syntax](special-syntax.md) section.

Some examples:

```clojure
[:= :a 42]                              ;=> "a = ?" with a parameter of 42
[:+ 42 :a :b]                           ;=> "? + a + b" with a parameter of 42
[:= :x [:inline "foo"]]                 ;=> "x = 'foo'" -- the string is inlined
[:now]                                  ;=> "NOW()"
[:count :*]                             ;=> "COUNT(*)"
[:or [:<> :name nil] [:= :status-id 0]] ;=> "(name IS NOT NULL) OR (status_id = ?)"
;; with a parameter of 0 -- the nil value is inlined as NULL
```

`:inline` is an example of "special syntax" and it renders its
(single) argument as part of the SQL string generated by `format`.

Another form of special syntax that is treated as function calls
is keywords or symbols that begin with `%`. Such keywords (or symbols)
are split at `.` and turned into function calls:

```clojure
%now     ;=> NOW()
%count.* ;=> COUNT(*)
%max.foo ;=> MAX(foo)
%f.a.b   ;=> F(a,b)
```

## SQL Parameters

As indicated in the preceding sections, values found in the DSL data structure
that are not keywords or symbols are lifted out as positional parameters.
They are replaced by `?` in the generated SQL string and added to the
parameter list in order:

```clojure
[:between :size 10 20] ;=> "size BETWEEN ? AND ?" with parameters 10 and 20
```

HoneySQL also supports named parameters. There are two ways
of identifying a named parameter:
* a keyword or symbol that begins with `?`
* the `:param` special (functional) syntax

The values of those parameters are supplied in the `format`
call as the `:params` key of the options hash map.

```clojure
(sql/format {:select [:*] :from [:table]
             :where [:= :a :?x]}
            {:params {:x 42}})
["SELECT * FROM table WHERE a = ?" 42]
(sql/format {:select [:*] :from [:table]
             :where [:= :a [:param :x]]}
            {:params {:x 42}})
["SELECT * FROM table WHERE a = ?" 42]
```

## Functional Helpers

In addition to the hash map (and vectors) approach of building
SQL queries with raw Clojure data structures, a namespace full
of helper functions is also available. These functions are
generally variadic and threadable:

```clojure
(ns my.example
  (:require [honey.sql :as sql]
            [honey.sql.helpers :refer [select from where]]))

(-> (select :t/id [:name :item])
    (from [:table :t])
    (where [:= :id 1])
    (sql/format))
;; produces:
;;=> ["SELECT t.id, name AS item FROM table AS t WHERE id = ?" 1]
```

There is a helper function for every single clause that HoneySQL
supports out of the box. In addition, there are helpers for
`composite` and `over` that make it easier to construct those
parts of the SQL DSL (examples of the former appear in the [README](README.md),
examples of the latter appear in the [Clause Reference](docs/clause-reference.md))

In addition to being variadic -- which often lets you omit one
level of `[`..`]` -- the helper functions merge clauses, which
can make it easier to build queries programmatically:

```clojure
(-> (select :t/id)
    (from [:table :t])
    (where [:= :id 1])
    (select [:name :item])
    (sql/format))
;; produces:
;;=> ["SELECT t.id, name AS item FROM table AS t WHERE id = ?" 1]
```

If you want to replace a clause with a subsequent helper call,
you need to explicitly remove the prior value:

```clojure
(-> (select :t/id)
    (from [:table :t])
    (where [:= :id 1])
    (dissoc :select)
    (select [:name :item])
    (sql/format))
;; produces:
;;=> ["SELECT name AS item FROM table AS t WHERE id = ?" 1]
```

Helpers always use keywords when constructing clauses so you
can rely on using keywords in `dissoc`.

The following helpers shadow functions in `clojure.core` so
you need to consider this when referring symbols in from the
`honey.sql.helpers` namespace: `for`, `group-by`, `partition-by`,
`set`, and `update`.

## Dialects

By default, HoneySQL operates in ANSI SQL mode but it supports
a lot of PostgreSQL extensions in that mode. PostgreSQL is mostly
a superset of ANSI SQL so it makes sense to support as much as
possible of the union of ANSI SQL and PostgreSQL out of the box.

The dialects supported by HoneySQL v2 are:
* `:ansi` -- the default, including most PostgreSQL extensions
* `:sqlserver` -- Microsoft SQL Server
* `:mysql` -- MySQL (and Percona and MariaDB)
* `:oracle` -- Oracle

The most visible difference between dialects is how SQL entities
should be quoted (if the `:quoted true` option is provided to `format`).
Most databases use `"` for quoting (the `:ansi` and `:oracle` dialects).
The `:sqlserver` dialect uses `[`..`]` and the `:mysql` dialect uses
```..```.

Currently, the only dialect that has substantive differences from
the others is `:mysql` which has a `:lock` clause (that is very
similar to the ANSI `:for` clause) and for which the `:set` clause
has a different precedence than ANSI SQL.

You can change the dialect globally using the `set-dialect!` function,
passing in one of the keywords above. You need to call this function
before you call `format` for the first time.

You can change the dialect for a single `format` call by
specifying the `:dialect` option in that call.

SQL entities are not quoted by default but if you specify the
dialect in a `format` call, they will be quoted. If you don't
specify a dialect in the `format` call, you can specify
`:quoted true` to have SQL entities quoted.

```clojure
(sql/format '{select (id) from (table)} {:quoted true})
;;=> ["SELECT \"id\" FROM \"table\""]
(sql/format '{select (id) from (table)} {:dialect :mysql})
;;=> ["SELECT `id` FROM `table`"]
(sql/set-dialect! :sqlserver)
;;=> nil
(sql/format '{select (id) from (table)} {:quoted true})
;;=> ["SELECT [id] FROM [table]"]
```

Out of the box, as part of the extended ANSI SQL support,
HoneySQL supports quite a few [PostgreSQL extensions](postgresql.md)

## Format Options

In addition to the `:quoted` and `:dialect` options described above,
`format` also accepts `:inline` and `:params`.

The `:params` option was mentioned above and is used to specify
the values of named parameters in the DSL.

The `:inline` option suppresses the generation of parameters in
the SQL string and instead tries to inline all the values directly
into the SQL string. The behavior is as if each value in the DSL
was wrapped in `[:inline `..`]`:

* `nil` becomes the SQL value `NULL`,
* Clojure strings become inline SQL strings with single quotes (so `"foo"` becomes `'foo'`),
* keywords and symbols become SQL keywords (uppercase, with `-` replaced by a space),
* everything else is just turned into a string (by calling `str`) and added to the SQL string.

## Reference Documentation

The full list of supported SQL clauses is documented in the
[Clause Reference](clause-reference.md). The full list
of operators supported (as prefix-form "functions") is
documented in the [Operator Reference](operator-reference.md)
section. The full list
of "special syntax" functions is documented in the
[Special Syntax](special-syntax.md) section. The best
documentation for the helper functions is the
[https://cljdoc.org/d/seancorfield/honeysql/CURRENT/api/honey.sql.helpers](honey.sql.helpers).
If you're migrating to HoneySQL 2.0, this [overview of differences
between 1.0 and 2.0](differences-from-1-x.md) should help.