From 966a865d60720db5e3570a7ce5eaaf8c59761499 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yugo Nagata <nagata@sraoss.co.jp>
Date: Tue, 11 Mar 2025 16:24:34 +0900
Subject: [PATCH] Support for PostgreSQL 15 or earlier

- Not use List APIs for xid that are introduced from PostgreSQL 16

- Fix an error during isolation test
   ERROR:  subquery in FROM must have an alias

- Not use isolation test for PostgreSQL 13
---
 Makefile                    | 10 +++++++++-
 expected/create_insert.out  | 16 ++++++++--------
 expected/create_insert2.out | 16 ++++++++--------
 expected/create_insert3.out | 16 ++++++++--------
 matview.c                   | 19 +++++++++++++++----
 specs/create_insert.spec    |  4 ++--
 specs/create_insert2.spec   |  2 +-
 specs/create_insert3.spec   |  2 +-
 specs/insert_insert.spec    |  2 +-
 specs/insert_insert2.spec   |  2 +-
 specs/insert_insert3.spec   |  2 +-
 specs/refresh_insert.spec   |  2 +-
 specs/refresh_insert2.spec  |  2 +-
 specs/refresh_insert3.spec  |  2 +-
 14 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index f5d12f7..9f770f6 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # contrib/pg_ivm/Makefile
 
+PG_CONFIG ?= pg_config
+
 MODULE_big = pg_ivm
 OBJS = \
 	$(WIN32RES) \
@@ -20,11 +22,17 @@ DATA = pg_ivm--1.0.sql \
 
 REGRESS = pg_ivm create_immv refresh_immv
 
+PGVER = $(shell $(PG_CONFIG) --version | sed "s/^[^ ]* \([0-9]*\).*$$/\1/" 2>/dev/null)
+
+# We assume PG13 is the only version that is supported by pg_ivm but
+# missing pg_isolation_regress.
+
+ifneq ($(PGVER),13)
 ISOLATION = create_insert  refresh_insert  insert_insert \
             create_insert2 refresh_insert2 insert_insert2 \
             create_insert3 refresh_insert3 insert_insert3
 ISOLATION_OPTS = --load-extension=pg_ivm
+endif
 
-PG_CONFIG ?= pg_config
 PGXS := $(shell $(PG_CONFIG) --pgxs)
 include $(PGXS)
diff --git a/expected/create_insert.out b/expected/create_insert.out
index e6b2eac..024edb7 100644
--- a/expected/create_insert.out
+++ b/expected/create_insert.out
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ step create:
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 
 create_immv
 -----------
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ step create:
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 
 create_immv
 -----------
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ step create:
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 
 create_immv
 -----------
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ step create:
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
  <waiting ...>
 step c2: COMMIT;
 tx1: NOTICE:  could not create an index on immv "mv" automatically
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ step create:
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 
 create_immv
 -----------
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ step create:
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
  <waiting ...>
 step c2: COMMIT;
 tx1: NOTICE:  could not create an index on immv "mv" automatically
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ step create:
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 
 create_immv
 -----------
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ step create:
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 
 create_immv
 -----------
diff --git a/expected/create_insert2.out b/expected/create_insert2.out
index 210edef..7a04804 100644
--- a/expected/create_insert2.out
+++ b/expected/create_insert2.out
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ step create:
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 
 create_immv
 -----------
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ step create:
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 
 create_immv
 -----------
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ step create:
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 
 create_immv
 -----------
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ step create:
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
  <waiting ...>
 step c2: COMMIT;
 tx1: NOTICE:  could not create an index on immv "mv" automatically
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ step create:
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 
 create_immv
 -----------
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ step create:
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
  <waiting ...>
 step c2: COMMIT;
 tx1: NOTICE:  could not create an index on immv "mv" automatically
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ step create:
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 
 create_immv
 -----------
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ step create:
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 
 create_immv
 -----------
diff --git a/expected/create_insert3.out b/expected/create_insert3.out
index 238caae..1489be9 100644
--- a/expected/create_insert3.out
+++ b/expected/create_insert3.out
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ step create:
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 
 create_immv
 -----------
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ step create:
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 
 create_immv
 -----------
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ step create:
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 
 create_immv
 -----------
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ step create:
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
  <waiting ...>
 step c2: COMMIT;
 tx1: NOTICE:  could not create an index on immv "mv" automatically
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ step create:
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 
 create_immv
 -----------
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ step create:
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
  <waiting ...>
 step c2: COMMIT;
 tx1: NOTICE:  could not create an index on immv "mv" automatically
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ step create:
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 
 create_immv
 -----------
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ step create:
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 
 create_immv
 -----------
diff --git a/matview.c b/matview.c
index 717e764..d9b9db6 100644
--- a/matview.c
+++ b/matview.c
@@ -970,12 +970,19 @@ IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
 	 */
 
-	/* record the subxid that updated the view incrementally */
+	/*
+	 * record the subxid that updated the view incrementally
+	 *
+	 * Note:
+	 * PG16 or later has list_member_xid and lappend_xid. It would be better
+	 * to use them, but we use integer for supporting older PGs since there
+	 * is no problem or now.
+	 */
 	subxid = GetCurrentSubTransactionId();
-	if (!list_member_xid(entry->subxids, subxid))
+	if (!list_member_int(entry->subxids, subxid))
 	{
 		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
-		entry->subxids = lappend_xid(entry->subxids, subxid);
+		entry->subxids = lappend_int(entry->subxids, subxid);
 		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
 	}
 
@@ -3424,7 +3431,11 @@ clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort,
 		{
 			foreach(lc, entry->subxids)
 			{
-				if (lfirst_xid(lc) == subxid)
+				/* Note:
+				 * PG16 or later has lfirst_xid, but we use lfirst_int for
+				 * supporting older PGs since there is no problem or now.
+				 */
+				if (lfirst_int(lc) == subxid)
 				{
 					entry->subxids = list_delete_cell(entry->subxids, lc);
 					break;
diff --git a/specs/create_insert.spec b/specs/create_insert.spec
index 68c2631..d998f8f 100644
--- a/specs/create_insert.spec
+++ b/specs/create_insert.spec
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ step create {
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 }
 step check1 {SELECT check_mv();}
 step c1 { COMMIT; }
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ session tx2
 setup	{ BEGIN TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED; }
 step s2	{ SELECT; }
 step insert { INSERT INTO a VALUES (2); }
-step check2 {SELECT check_mv(); }
+step check2 { SELECT check_mv(); }
 step c2 { COMMIT; }
 
 permutation s1 create s2 insert c1 check2 c2 mv
diff --git a/specs/create_insert2.spec b/specs/create_insert2.spec
index 0b0d033..eac1552 100644
--- a/specs/create_insert2.spec
+++ b/specs/create_insert2.spec
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ step create {
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 }
 step check1 {SELECT check_mv();}
 step c1 { COMMIT; }
diff --git a/specs/create_insert3.spec b/specs/create_insert3.spec
index 953d93a..ad47334 100644
--- a/specs/create_insert3.spec
+++ b/specs/create_insert3.spec
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ step create {
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 }
 step check1 {SELECT check_mv();}
 step c1 { COMMIT; }
diff --git a/specs/insert_insert.spec b/specs/insert_insert.spec
index 7cd5e75..15e055b 100644
--- a/specs/insert_insert.spec
+++ b/specs/insert_insert.spec
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ setup
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 }
 
 teardown
diff --git a/specs/insert_insert2.spec b/specs/insert_insert2.spec
index e8ed6af..49797d5 100644
--- a/specs/insert_insert2.spec
+++ b/specs/insert_insert2.spec
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ setup
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 }
 
 teardown
diff --git a/specs/insert_insert3.spec b/specs/insert_insert3.spec
index c2df23c..bee06ef 100644
--- a/specs/insert_insert3.spec
+++ b/specs/insert_insert3.spec
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ setup
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 }
 
 teardown
diff --git a/specs/refresh_insert.spec b/specs/refresh_insert.spec
index a28eed8..ebb5bbb 100644
--- a/specs/refresh_insert.spec
+++ b/specs/refresh_insert.spec
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ setup
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 }
 
 teardown
diff --git a/specs/refresh_insert2.spec b/specs/refresh_insert2.spec
index cf50f8f..6da4146 100644
--- a/specs/refresh_insert2.spec
+++ b/specs/refresh_insert2.spec
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ setup
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 }
 
 teardown
diff --git a/specs/refresh_insert3.spec b/specs/refresh_insert3.spec
index b88403f..f8dfc0e 100644
--- a/specs/refresh_insert3.spec
+++ b/specs/refresh_insert3.spec
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ setup
 	CREATE FUNCTION check_mv() RETURNS text AS
 		$$ SELECT CASE WHEN count(*) = 0 THEN 'ok' ELSE 'ng' END
 			FROM ((SELECT * FROM mv EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM v) UNION ALL
-				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) $$ LANGUAGE sql;
+				  (SELECT * FROM v EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM mv)) v $$ LANGUAGE sql;
 }
 
 teardown