CREATE EXTENSION pg_ivm; GRANT ALL ON SCHEMA public TO public; -- create a table to use as a basis for views and materialized views in various combinations CREATE TABLE mv_base_a (i int, j int); INSERT INTO mv_base_a VALUES (1,10), (2,20), (3,30), (4,40), (5,50); CREATE TABLE mv_base_b (i int, k int); INSERT INTO mv_base_b VALUES (1,101), (2,102), (3,103), (4,104); SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_1', 'SELECT i,j,k FROM mv_base_a a INNER JOIN mv_base_b b USING(i)'); NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "mv_ivm_1" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain GROUP BY or DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 4 (1 row) SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_1 ORDER BY 1,2,3; i | j | k ---+----+----- 1 | 10 | 101 2 | 20 | 102 3 | 30 | 103 4 | 40 | 104 (4 rows) -- immediate maintenance BEGIN; INSERT INTO mv_base_b VALUES(5,105); SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_1 ORDER BY 1,2,3; i | j | k ---+----+----- 1 | 10 | 101 2 | 20 | 102 3 | 30 | 103 4 | 40 | 104 5 | 50 | 105 (5 rows) UPDATE mv_base_a SET j = 0 WHERE i = 1; SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_1 ORDER BY 1,2,3; i | j | k ---+----+----- 1 | 0 | 101 2 | 20 | 102 3 | 30 | 103 4 | 40 | 104 5 | 50 | 105 (5 rows) DELETE FROM mv_base_b WHERE (i,k) = (5,105); SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_1 ORDER BY 1,2,3; i | j | k ---+----+----- 1 | 0 | 101 2 | 20 | 102 3 | 30 | 103 4 | 40 | 104 (4 rows) ROLLBACK; SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_1 ORDER BY 1,2,3; i | j | k ---+----+----- 1 | 10 | 101 2 | 20 | 102 3 | 30 | 103 4 | 40 | 104 (4 rows) -- TRUNCATE a base table in join views BEGIN; TRUNCATE mv_base_a; SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_1; i | j | k ---+---+--- (0 rows) ROLLBACK; BEGIN; TRUNCATE mv_base_b; SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_1; i | j | k ---+---+--- (0 rows) ROLLBACK; -- some query syntax BEGIN; CREATE FUNCTION ivm_func() RETURNS int LANGUAGE 'sql' AS 'SELECT 1' IMMUTABLE; SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_func', 'SELECT * FROM ivm_func()'); NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "mv_ivm_func" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain GROUP BY or DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 1 (1 row) SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_no_tbl', 'SELECT 1'); NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "mv_ivm_no_tbl" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain GROUP BY or DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 1 (1 row) ROLLBACK; -- result of materialized view have DISTINCT clause or the duplicate result. BEGIN; SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_duplicate', 'SELECT j FROM mv_base_a'); NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "mv_ivm_duplicate" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain GROUP BY or DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 5 (1 row) SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_distinct', 'SELECT DISTINCT j FROM mv_base_a'); NOTICE: created index "mv_ivm_distinct_index" on immv "mv_ivm_distinct" create_immv ------------- 5 (1 row) INSERT INTO mv_base_a VALUES(6,20); SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_duplicate ORDER BY 1; j ---- 10 20 20 30 40 50 (6 rows) SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_distinct ORDER BY 1; j | __ivm_count__ ----+--------------- 10 | 1 20 | 2 30 | 1 40 | 1 50 | 1 (5 rows) DELETE FROM mv_base_a WHERE (i,j) = (2,20); SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_duplicate ORDER BY 1; j ---- 10 20 30 40 50 (5 rows) SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_distinct ORDER BY 1; j | __ivm_count__ ----+--------------- 10 | 1 20 | 1 30 | 1 40 | 1 50 | 1 (5 rows) ROLLBACK; -- support SUM(), COUNT() and AVG() aggregate functions BEGIN; SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_agg', 'SELECT i, SUM(j), COUNT(i), AVG(j) FROM mv_base_a GROUP BY i'); NOTICE: created index "mv_ivm_agg_index" on immv "mv_ivm_agg" create_immv ------------- 5 (1 row) SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_agg ORDER BY 1,2,3,4; i | sum | count | avg | __ivm_count_sum__ | __ivm_count_avg__ | __ivm_sum_avg__ | __ivm_count__ ---+-----+-------+---------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-----------------+--------------- 1 | 10 | 1 | 10.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 1 2 | 20 | 1 | 20.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 20 | 1 3 | 30 | 1 | 30.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 1 4 | 40 | 1 | 40.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 40 | 1 5 | 50 | 1 | 50.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 50 | 1 (5 rows) INSERT INTO mv_base_a VALUES(2,100); SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_agg ORDER BY 1,2,3,4; i | sum | count | avg | __ivm_count_sum__ | __ivm_count_avg__ | __ivm_sum_avg__ | __ivm_count__ ---+-----+-------+---------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-----------------+--------------- 1 | 10 | 1 | 10.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 1 2 | 120 | 2 | 60.0000000000000000 | 2 | 2 | 120 | 2 3 | 30 | 1 | 30.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 1 4 | 40 | 1 | 40.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 40 | 1 5 | 50 | 1 | 50.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 50 | 1 (5 rows) UPDATE mv_base_a SET j = 200 WHERE (i,j) = (2,100); SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_agg ORDER BY 1,2,3,4; i | sum | count | avg | __ivm_count_sum__ | __ivm_count_avg__ | __ivm_sum_avg__ | __ivm_count__ ---+-----+-------+----------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-----------------+--------------- 1 | 10 | 1 | 10.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 1 2 | 220 | 2 | 110.0000000000000000 | 2 | 2 | 220 | 2 3 | 30 | 1 | 30.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 1 4 | 40 | 1 | 40.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 40 | 1 5 | 50 | 1 | 50.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 50 | 1 (5 rows) DELETE FROM mv_base_a WHERE (i,j) = (2,200); SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_agg ORDER BY 1,2,3,4; i | sum | count | avg | __ivm_count_sum__ | __ivm_count_avg__ | __ivm_sum_avg__ | __ivm_count__ ---+-----+-------+---------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-----------------+--------------- 1 | 10 | 1 | 10.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 1 2 | 20 | 1 | 20.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 20 | 1 3 | 30 | 1 | 30.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 1 4 | 40 | 1 | 40.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 40 | 1 5 | 50 | 1 | 50.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 50 | 1 (5 rows) ROLLBACK; -- support COUNT(*) aggregate function BEGIN; SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_agg', 'SELECT i, SUM(j), COUNT(*) FROM mv_base_a GROUP BY i'); NOTICE: created index "mv_ivm_agg_index" on immv "mv_ivm_agg" create_immv ------------- 5 (1 row) SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_agg ORDER BY 1,2,3; i | sum | count | __ivm_count_sum__ | __ivm_count__ ---+-----+-------+-------------------+--------------- 1 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 1 2 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 1 3 | 30 | 1 | 1 | 1 4 | 40 | 1 | 1 | 1 5 | 50 | 1 | 1 | 1 (5 rows) INSERT INTO mv_base_a VALUES(2,100); SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_agg ORDER BY 1,2,3; i | sum | count | __ivm_count_sum__ | __ivm_count__ ---+-----+-------+-------------------+--------------- 1 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 1 2 | 120 | 2 | 2 | 2 3 | 30 | 1 | 1 | 1 4 | 40 | 1 | 1 | 1 5 | 50 | 1 | 1 | 1 (5 rows) ROLLBACK; -- TRUNCATE a base table in aggregate views BEGIN; SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_agg', 'SELECT i, SUM(j), COUNT(*) FROM mv_base_a GROUP BY i'); NOTICE: created index "mv_ivm_agg_index" on immv "mv_ivm_agg" create_immv ------------- 5 (1 row) TRUNCATE mv_base_a; SELECT sum, count FROM mv_ivm_agg; sum | count -----+------- (0 rows) SELECT i, SUM(j), COUNT(*) FROM mv_base_a GROUP BY i; i | sum | count ---+-----+------- (0 rows) ROLLBACK; -- support aggregate functions without GROUP clause BEGIN; SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_group', 'SELECT SUM(j), COUNT(j), AVG(j) FROM mv_base_a'); create_immv ------------- 1 (1 row) SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_group ORDER BY 1; sum | count | avg | __ivm_count_sum__ | __ivm_count_avg__ | __ivm_sum_avg__ | __ivm_count__ -----+-------+---------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-----------------+--------------- 150 | 5 | 30.0000000000000000 | 5 | 5 | 150 | 5 (1 row) INSERT INTO mv_base_a VALUES(6,60); SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_group ORDER BY 1; sum | count | avg | __ivm_count_sum__ | __ivm_count_avg__ | __ivm_sum_avg__ | __ivm_count__ -----+-------+---------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-----------------+--------------- 210 | 6 | 35.0000000000000000 | 6 | 6 | 210 | 6 (1 row) DELETE FROM mv_base_a; SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_group ORDER BY 1; sum | count | avg | __ivm_count_sum__ | __ivm_count_avg__ | __ivm_sum_avg__ | __ivm_count__ -----+-------+-----+-------------------+-------------------+-----------------+--------------- | 0 | | 0 | 0 | | 0 (1 row) ROLLBACK; -- TRUNCATE a base table in aggregate views without GROUP clause BEGIN; SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_group', 'SELECT SUM(j), COUNT(j), AVG(j) FROM mv_base_a'); create_immv ------------- 1 (1 row) TRUNCATE mv_base_a; SELECT sum, count, avg FROM mv_ivm_group; sum | count | avg -----+-------+----- | 0 | (1 row) SELECT SUM(j), COUNT(j), AVG(j) FROM mv_base_a; sum | count | avg -----+-------+----- | 0 | (1 row) ROLLBACK; -- resolved issue: When use AVG() function and values is indivisible, result of AVG() is incorrect. BEGIN; SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_avg_bug', 'SELECT i, SUM(j), COUNT(j), AVG(j) FROM mv_base_A GROUP BY i'); NOTICE: created index "mv_ivm_avg_bug_index" on immv "mv_ivm_avg_bug" create_immv ------------- 5 (1 row) SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_avg_bug ORDER BY 1,2,3; i | sum | count | avg | __ivm_count_sum__ | __ivm_count_avg__ | __ivm_sum_avg__ | __ivm_count__ ---+-----+-------+---------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-----------------+--------------- 1 | 10 | 1 | 10.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 1 2 | 20 | 1 | 20.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 20 | 1 3 | 30 | 1 | 30.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 1 4 | 40 | 1 | 40.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 40 | 1 5 | 50 | 1 | 50.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 50 | 1 (5 rows) INSERT INTO mv_base_a VALUES (1,0), (1,0), (2,30), (2,30); SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_avg_bug ORDER BY 1,2,3; i | sum | count | avg | __ivm_count_sum__ | __ivm_count_avg__ | __ivm_sum_avg__ | __ivm_count__ ---+-----+-------+---------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-----------------+--------------- 1 | 10 | 3 | 3.3333333333333333 | 3 | 3 | 10 | 3 2 | 80 | 3 | 26.6666666666666667 | 3 | 3 | 80 | 3 3 | 30 | 1 | 30.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 1 4 | 40 | 1 | 40.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 40 | 1 5 | 50 | 1 | 50.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 50 | 1 (5 rows) DELETE FROM mv_base_a WHERE (i,j) = (1,0); DELETE FROM mv_base_a WHERE (i,j) = (2,30); SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_avg_bug ORDER BY 1,2,3; i | sum | count | avg | __ivm_count_sum__ | __ivm_count_avg__ | __ivm_sum_avg__ | __ivm_count__ ---+-----+-------+---------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-----------------+--------------- 1 | 10 | 1 | 10.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 1 2 | 20 | 1 | 20.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 20 | 1 3 | 30 | 1 | 30.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 1 4 | 40 | 1 | 40.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 40 | 1 5 | 50 | 1 | 50.0000000000000000 | 1 | 1 | 50 | 1 (5 rows) ROLLBACK; -- support MIN(), MAX() aggregate functions BEGIN; SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_min_max(i, min_j, max_j)', 'SELECT i, MIN(j), MAX(j) FROM mv_base_a GROUP BY i'); NOTICE: created index "mv_ivm_min_max_index" on immv "mv_ivm_min_max" create_immv ------------- 5 (1 row) SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_min_max ORDER BY 1,2,3; i | min_j | max_j | __ivm_count_min_j__ | __ivm_count_max_j__ | __ivm_count__ ---+-------+-------+---------------------+---------------------+--------------- 1 | 10 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 1 2 | 20 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 1 3 | 30 | 30 | 1 | 1 | 1 4 | 40 | 40 | 1 | 1 | 1 5 | 50 | 50 | 1 | 1 | 1 (5 rows) INSERT INTO mv_base_a VALUES (1,11), (1,12), (2,21), (2,22), (3,31), (3,32), (4,41), (4,42), (5,51), (5,52); SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_min_max ORDER BY 1,2,3; i | min_j | max_j | __ivm_count_min_j__ | __ivm_count_max_j__ | __ivm_count__ ---+-------+-------+---------------------+---------------------+--------------- 1 | 10 | 12 | 3 | 3 | 3 2 | 20 | 22 | 3 | 3 | 3 3 | 30 | 32 | 3 | 3 | 3 4 | 40 | 42 | 3 | 3 | 3 5 | 50 | 52 | 3 | 3 | 3 (5 rows) DELETE FROM mv_base_a WHERE (i,j) IN ((1,10), (2,21), (3,32)); SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_min_max ORDER BY 1,2,3; i | min_j | max_j | __ivm_count_min_j__ | __ivm_count_max_j__ | __ivm_count__ ---+-------+-------+---------------------+---------------------+--------------- 1 | 11 | 12 | 2 | 2 | 2 2 | 20 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 2 3 | 30 | 31 | 2 | 2 | 2 4 | 40 | 42 | 3 | 3 | 3 5 | 50 | 52 | 3 | 3 | 3 (5 rows) ROLLBACK; -- support MIN(), MAX() aggregate functions without GROUP clause BEGIN; SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_min_max(min_j, max_j)', 'SELECT MIN(j), MAX(j) FROM mv_base_a'); create_immv ------------- 1 (1 row) SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_min_max; min_j | max_j | __ivm_count_min_j__ | __ivm_count_max_j__ | __ivm_count__ -------+-------+---------------------+---------------------+--------------- 10 | 50 | 5 | 5 | 5 (1 row) INSERT INTO mv_base_a VALUES (0,0), (6,60), (7,70); SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_min_max; min_j | max_j | __ivm_count_min_j__ | __ivm_count_max_j__ | __ivm_count__ -------+-------+---------------------+---------------------+--------------- 0 | 70 | 8 | 8 | 8 (1 row) DELETE FROM mv_base_a WHERE (i,j) IN ((0,0), (7,70)); SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_min_max; min_j | max_j | __ivm_count_min_j__ | __ivm_count_max_j__ | __ivm_count__ -------+-------+---------------------+---------------------+--------------- 10 | 60 | 6 | 6 | 6 (1 row) DELETE FROM mv_base_a; SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_min_max; min_j | max_j | __ivm_count_min_j__ | __ivm_count_max_j__ | __ivm_count__ -------+-------+---------------------+---------------------+--------------- | | 0 | 0 | 0 (1 row) ROLLBACK; -- aggregate views with column names specified BEGIN; SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_agg(a)', 'SELECT i, SUM(j) FROM mv_base_a GROUP BY i'); NOTICE: created index "mv_ivm_agg_index" on immv "mv_ivm_agg" create_immv ------------- 5 (1 row) INSERT INTO mv_base_a VALUES (1,100), (2,200), (3,300); UPDATE mv_base_a SET j = 2000 WHERE (i,j) = (2,20); DELETE FROM mv_base_a WHERE (i,j) = (3,30); SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_agg ORDER BY 1,2; a | sum | __ivm_count_sum__ | __ivm_count__ ---+------+-------------------+--------------- 1 | 110 | 2 | 2 2 | 2200 | 2 | 2 3 | 300 | 1 | 1 4 | 40 | 1 | 1 5 | 50 | 1 | 1 (5 rows) ROLLBACK; BEGIN; SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_agg(a,b)', 'SELECT i, SUM(j) FROM mv_base_a GROUP BY i'); NOTICE: created index "mv_ivm_agg_index" on immv "mv_ivm_agg" create_immv ------------- 5 (1 row) INSERT INTO mv_base_a VALUES (1,100), (2,200), (3,300); UPDATE mv_base_a SET j = 2000 WHERE (i,j) = (2,20); DELETE FROM mv_base_a WHERE (i,j) = (3,30); SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_agg ORDER BY 1,2; a | b | __ivm_count_b__ | __ivm_count__ ---+------+-----------------+--------------- 1 | 110 | 2 | 2 2 | 2200 | 2 | 2 3 | 300 | 1 | 1 4 | 40 | 1 | 1 5 | 50 | 1 | 1 (5 rows) ROLLBACK; BEGIN; SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_agg(a,b,c)', 'SELECT i, SUM(j) FROM mv_base_a GROUP BY i'); ERROR: too many column names were specified ROLLBACK; -- support self join view and multiple change on the same table BEGIN; CREATE TABLE base_t (i int, v int); INSERT INTO base_t VALUES (1, 10), (2, 20), (3, 30); SELECT create_immv('mv_self(v1, v2)', 'SELECT t1.v, t2.v FROM base_t AS t1 JOIN base_t AS t2 ON t1.i = t2.i'); NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "mv_self" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain GROUP BY or DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 3 (1 row) SELECT * FROM mv_self ORDER BY v1; v1 | v2 ----+---- 10 | 10 20 | 20 30 | 30 (3 rows) INSERT INTO base_t VALUES (4,40); DELETE FROM base_t WHERE i = 1; UPDATE base_t SET v = v*10 WHERE i=2; SELECT * FROM mv_self ORDER BY v1; v1 | v2 -----+----- 30 | 30 40 | 40 200 | 200 (3 rows) WITH ins_t1 AS (INSERT INTO base_t VALUES (5,50) RETURNING 1), ins_t2 AS (INSERT INTO base_t VALUES (6,60) RETURNING 1), upd_t AS (UPDATE base_t SET v = v + 100 RETURNING 1), dlt_t AS (DELETE FROM base_t WHERE i IN (4,5) RETURNING 1) SELECT NULL; ?column? ---------- (1 row) SELECT * FROM mv_self ORDER BY v1; v1 | v2 -----+----- 50 | 50 60 | 60 130 | 130 300 | 300 (4 rows) --- with sub-transactions SAVEPOINT p1; INSERT INTO base_t VALUES (7,70); RELEASE SAVEPOINT p1; INSERT INTO base_t VALUES (7,77); SELECT * FROM mv_self ORDER BY v1, v2; v1 | v2 -----+----- 50 | 50 60 | 60 70 | 70 70 | 77 77 | 70 77 | 77 130 | 130 300 | 300 (8 rows) ROLLBACK; -- support simultaneous table changes BEGIN; CREATE TABLE base_r (i int, v int); CREATE TABLE base_s (i int, v int); INSERT INTO base_r VALUES (1, 10), (2, 20), (3, 30); INSERT INTO base_s VALUES (1, 100), (2, 200), (3, 300); SELECT create_immv('mv(v1, v2)', 'SELECT r.v, s.v FROM base_r AS r JOIN base_s AS s USING(i)');; NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "mv" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain GROUP BY or DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 3 (1 row) SELECT * FROM mv ORDER BY v1; v1 | v2 ----+----- 10 | 100 20 | 200 30 | 300 (3 rows) WITH ins_r AS (INSERT INTO base_r VALUES (1,11) RETURNING 1), ins_r2 AS (INSERT INTO base_r VALUES (3,33) RETURNING 1), ins_s AS (INSERT INTO base_s VALUES (2,222) RETURNING 1), upd_r AS (UPDATE base_r SET v = v + 1000 WHERE i = 2 RETURNING 1), dlt_s AS (DELETE FROM base_s WHERE i = 3 RETURNING 1) SELECT NULL; ?column? ---------- (1 row) SELECT * FROM mv ORDER BY v1; v1 | v2 ------+----- 10 | 100 11 | 100 1020 | 200 1020 | 222 (4 rows) -- support foreign reference constraints BEGIN; WARNING: there is already a transaction in progress CREATE TABLE ri1 (i int PRIMARY KEY); CREATE TABLE ri2 (i int PRIMARY KEY REFERENCES ri1(i) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE, v int); INSERT INTO ri1 VALUES (1),(2),(3); INSERT INTO ri2 VALUES (1),(2),(3); SELECT create_immv('mv_ri(i1, i2)', 'SELECT ri1.i, ri2.i FROM ri1 JOIN ri2 USING(i)'); NOTICE: created index "mv_ri_index" on immv "mv_ri" create_immv ------------- 3 (1 row) SELECT * FROM mv_ri ORDER BY i1; i1 | i2 ----+---- 1 | 1 2 | 2 3 | 3 (3 rows) UPDATE ri1 SET i=10 where i=1; DELETE FROM ri1 WHERE i=2; SELECT * FROM mv_ri ORDER BY i2; i1 | i2 ----+---- 3 | 3 10 | 10 (2 rows) ROLLBACK; -- not support subquery for using EXISTS() SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_exists_subquery', 'SELECT a.i, a.j FROM mv_base_a a WHERE EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM mv_base_b b WHERE a.i = b.i)'); ERROR: this query is not allowed on incrementally maintainable materialized view HINT: Only simple subquery is supported -- support simple subquery in FROM clause BEGIN; SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_subquery', 'SELECT a.i,a.j FROM mv_base_a a,( SELECT * FROM mv_base_b) b WHERE a.i = b.i'); NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "mv_ivm_subquery" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain GROUP BY or DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 4 (1 row) INSERT INTO mv_base_a VALUES(2,20); INSERT INTO mv_base_b VALUES(3,300); SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_subquery ORDER BY i,j; i | j ---+---- 1 | 10 2 | 20 2 | 20 3 | 30 3 | 30 4 | 40 (6 rows) ROLLBACK; -- support join subquery in FROM clause BEGIN; SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_join_subquery', 'SELECT i, j, k FROM ( SELECT i, a.j, b.k FROM mv_base_b b INNER JOIN mv_base_a a USING(i)) tmp'); NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "mv_ivm_join_subquery" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain GROUP BY or DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 4 (1 row) WITH ai AS (INSERT INTO mv_base_a VALUES (1,11),(2,22) RETURNING 0), bi AS (INSERT INTO mv_base_b VALUES (1,111),(3,133) RETURNING 0), bd AS (DELETE FROM mv_base_b WHERE i = 4 RETURNING 0) SELECT; -- (1 row) SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_join_subquery ORDER BY i,j,k; i | j | k ---+----+----- 1 | 10 | 101 1 | 10 | 111 1 | 11 | 101 1 | 11 | 111 2 | 20 | 102 2 | 22 | 102 3 | 30 | 103 3 | 30 | 133 (8 rows) ROLLBACK; -- views including NULL BEGIN; CREATE TABLE base_t (i int, v int); INSERT INTO base_t VALUES (1,10),(2, NULL); SELECT create_immv('mv', 'SELECT * FROM base_t'); NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "mv" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain GROUP BY or DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 2 (1 row) SELECT * FROM mv ORDER BY i; i | v ---+---- 1 | 10 2 | (2 rows) UPDATE base_t SET v = 20 WHERE i = 2; SELECT * FROM mv ORDER BY i; i | v ---+---- 1 | 10 2 | 20 (2 rows) ROLLBACK; BEGIN; CREATE TABLE base_t (i int); SELECT create_immv('mv', 'SELECT * FROM base_t'); NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "mv" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain GROUP BY or DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 0 (1 row) SELECT * FROM mv ORDER BY i; i --- (0 rows) INSERT INTO base_t VALUES (1),(NULL); SELECT * FROM mv ORDER BY i; i --- 1 (2 rows) ROLLBACK; BEGIN; CREATE TABLE base_t (i int, v int); INSERT INTO base_t VALUES (NULL, 1), (NULL, 2), (1, 10), (1, 20); SELECT create_immv('mv', 'SELECT i, sum(v) FROM base_t GROUP BY i'); NOTICE: created index "mv_index" on immv "mv" create_immv ------------- 2 (1 row) SELECT * FROM mv ORDER BY i; i | sum | __ivm_count_sum__ | __ivm_count__ ---+-----+-------------------+--------------- 1 | 30 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 (2 rows) UPDATE base_t SET v = v * 10; SELECT * FROM mv ORDER BY i; i | sum | __ivm_count_sum__ | __ivm_count__ ---+-----+-------------------+--------------- 1 | 300 | 2 | 2 | 30 | 2 | 2 (2 rows) ROLLBACK; BEGIN; CREATE TABLE base_t (i int, v int); INSERT INTO base_t VALUES (NULL, 1), (NULL, 2), (NULL, 3), (NULL, 4), (NULL, 5); SELECT create_immv('mv', 'SELECT i, min(v), max(v) FROM base_t GROUP BY i'); NOTICE: created index "mv_index" on immv "mv" create_immv ------------- 1 (1 row) SELECT * FROM mv ORDER BY i; i | min | max | __ivm_count_min__ | __ivm_count_max__ | __ivm_count__ ---+-----+-----+-------------------+-------------------+--------------- | 1 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 (1 row) DELETE FROM base_t WHERE v = 1; SELECT * FROM mv ORDER BY i; i | min | max | __ivm_count_min__ | __ivm_count_max__ | __ivm_count__ ---+-----+-----+-------------------+-------------------+--------------- | 2 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 (1 row) DELETE FROM base_t WHERE v = 3; SELECT * FROM mv ORDER BY i; i | min | max | __ivm_count_min__ | __ivm_count_max__ | __ivm_count__ ---+-----+-----+-------------------+-------------------+--------------- | 2 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 (1 row) DELETE FROM base_t WHERE v = 5; SELECT * FROM mv ORDER BY i; i | min | max | __ivm_count_min__ | __ivm_count_max__ | __ivm_count__ ---+-----+-----+-------------------+-------------------+--------------- | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 (1 row) ROLLBACK; -- IMMV containing user defined type BEGIN; CREATE TYPE mytype; CREATE FUNCTION mytype_in(cstring) RETURNS mytype AS 'int4in' LANGUAGE INTERNAL STRICT IMMUTABLE; NOTICE: return type mytype is only a shell CREATE FUNCTION mytype_out(mytype) RETURNS cstring AS 'int4out' LANGUAGE INTERNAL STRICT IMMUTABLE; NOTICE: argument type mytype is only a shell CREATE TYPE mytype ( LIKE = int4, INPUT = mytype_in, OUTPUT = mytype_out ); CREATE FUNCTION mytype_eq(mytype, mytype) RETURNS bool AS 'int4eq' LANGUAGE INTERNAL STRICT IMMUTABLE; CREATE FUNCTION mytype_lt(mytype, mytype) RETURNS bool AS 'int4lt' LANGUAGE INTERNAL STRICT IMMUTABLE; CREATE FUNCTION mytype_cmp(mytype, mytype) RETURNS integer AS 'btint4cmp' LANGUAGE INTERNAL STRICT IMMUTABLE; CREATE OPERATOR = ( leftarg = mytype, rightarg = mytype, procedure = mytype_eq); CREATE OPERATOR < ( leftarg = mytype, rightarg = mytype, procedure = mytype_lt); CREATE OPERATOR CLASS mytype_ops DEFAULT FOR TYPE mytype USING btree AS OPERATOR 1 <, OPERATOR 3 = , FUNCTION 1 mytype_cmp(mytype,mytype); CREATE TABLE t_mytype (x mytype); SELECT create_immv('mv_mytype', 'SELECT * FROM t_mytype'); NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "mv_mytype" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain GROUP BY or DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 0 (1 row) INSERT INTO t_mytype VALUES ('1'::mytype); SELECT * FROM mv_mytype; x --- 1 (1 row) ROLLBACK; -- outer join is not supported SELECT create_immv('mv(a,b)', 'SELECT a.i, b.i FROM mv_base_a a LEFT JOIN mv_base_b b ON a.i=b.i'); ERROR: OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- CTE is not supported SELECT create_immv('mv', 'WITH b AS ( SELECT * FROM mv_base_b) SELECT a.i,a.j FROM mv_base_a a, b WHERE a.i = b.i;'); ERROR: CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- contain system column SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm01', 'SELECT i,j,xmin FROM mv_base_a'); ERROR: system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm02', 'SELECT i,j FROM mv_base_a WHERE xmin = ''610'''); ERROR: system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm03', 'SELECT i,j,xmin::text AS x_min FROM mv_base_a'); ERROR: system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm04', 'SELECT i,j,xidsend(xmin) AS x_min FROM mv_base_a'); ERROR: system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- contain subquery SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm03', 'SELECT i,j FROM mv_base_a WHERE i IN (SELECT i FROM mv_base_b WHERE k < 103 )'); ERROR: this query is not allowed on incrementally maintainable materialized view HINT: Only simple subquery is supported SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm04', 'SELECT a.i,a.j FROM mv_base_a a, (SELECT DISTINCT i FROM mv_base_b) b WHERE a.i = b.i'); ERROR: DISTINCT clause in nested query are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm05', 'SELECT i,j, (SELECT k FROM mv_base_b b WHERE a.i = b.i) FROM mv_base_a a'); ERROR: this query is not allowed on incrementally maintainable materialized view HINT: subquery is not supported in targetlist -- contain ORDER BY SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm07', 'SELECT i,j,k FROM mv_base_a a INNER JOIN mv_base_b b USING(i) ORDER BY i,j,k'); ERROR: ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- contain HAVING SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm08', 'SELECT i,j,k FROM mv_base_a a INNER JOIN mv_base_b b USING(i) GROUP BY i,j,k HAVING SUM(i) > 5'); ERROR: HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- contain GROUP BY without aggregate SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm08', 'SELECT i,j FROM mv_base_a GROUP BY i,j'); ERROR: GROUP BY clause without aggregate is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- contain view or materialized view CREATE VIEW b_view AS SELECT i,k FROM mv_base_b; CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW b_mview AS SELECT i,k FROM mv_base_b; SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm07', 'SELECT a.i,a.j FROM mv_base_a a,b_view b WHERE a.i = b.i'); ERROR: VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm08', 'SELECT a.i,a.j FROM mv_base_a a,b_mview b WHERE a.i = b.i'); ERROR: VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm09', 'SELECT a.i,a.j FROM mv_base_a a, (SELECT i, COUNT(*) FROM mv_base_b GROUP BY i) b WHERE a.i = b.i'); ERROR: aggregate functions in nested query are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- contain mutable functions SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm12', 'SELECT i,j FROM mv_base_a WHERE i = random()::int'); ERROR: mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view HINT: functions must be marked IMMUTABLE -- LIMIT/OFFSET is not supported SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm13', 'SELECT i,j FROM mv_base_a LIMIT 10 OFFSET 5'); ERROR: LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- DISTINCT ON is not supported SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm14', 'SELECT DISTINCT ON(i) i, j FROM mv_base_a'); ERROR: DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm15', 'SELECT i, j FROM mv_base_a TABLESAMPLE SYSTEM(50)'); ERROR: TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- window functions are not supported SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm16', 'SELECT *, cume_dist() OVER (ORDER BY i) AS rank FROM mv_base_a'); ERROR: window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- aggregate function with some options is not supported SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm17', 'SELECT COUNT(*) FILTER(WHERE i < 3) FROM mv_base_a'); ERROR: aggregate function with FILTER clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm18', 'SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT i) FROM mv_base_a'); ERROR: aggregate function with DISTINCT arguments is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm19', 'SELECT array_agg(j ORDER BY i DESC) FROM mv_base_a'); ERROR: aggregate function with ORDER clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm20', 'SELECT i,SUM(j) FROM mv_base_a GROUP BY GROUPING SETS((i),())'); ERROR: GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- inheritance parent is not supported BEGIN; CREATE TABLE parent (i int, v int); CREATE TABLE child_a(options text) INHERITS(parent); SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm21', 'SELECT * FROM parent'); ERROR: inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view ROLLBACK; -- UNION statement is not supported SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm22', 'SELECT i,j FROM mv_base_a UNION ALL SELECT i,k FROM mv_base_b'); ERROR: UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- DISTINCT clause in nested query are not supported SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm23', 'SELECT * FROM (SELECT DISTINCT i,j FROM mv_base_a) AS tmp');; ERROR: DISTINCT clause in nested query are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- empty target list is not allowed with IVM SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm25', 'SELECT FROM mv_base_a'); ERROR: empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- FOR UPDATE/SHARE is not supported SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm26', 'SELECT i,j FROM mv_base_a FOR UPDATE'); ERROR: FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm27', 'SELECT * FROM (SELECT i,j FROM mv_base_a FOR UPDATE) AS tmp;'); ERROR: FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- tartget list cannot contain ivm column that start with '__ivm' SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm28', 'SELECT i AS "__ivm_count__" FROM mv_base_a'); ERROR: column name __ivm_count__ is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- expressions specified in GROUP BY must appear in the target list. SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm29', 'SELECT COUNT(i) FROM mv_base_a GROUP BY i;'); ERROR: GROUP BY expression not appearing in select list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- experssions containing an aggregate is not supported SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm30', 'SELECT sum(i)*0.5 FROM mv_base_a'); ERROR: expression containing an aggregate in it is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm31', 'SELECT sum(i)/sum(j) FROM mv_base_a'); ERROR: expression containing an aggregate in it is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- VALUES is not supported SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_only_values1', 'values(1)'); ERROR: VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_only_values2', 'SELECT * FROM (values(1)) AS tmp'); ERROR: VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- base table which has row level security DROP USER IF EXISTS ivm_admin; NOTICE: role "ivm_admin" does not exist, skipping DROP USER IF EXISTS ivm_user; NOTICE: role "ivm_user" does not exist, skipping CREATE USER ivm_admin; CREATE USER ivm_user; SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION ivm_admin; CREATE TABLE rls_tbl(id int, data text, owner name); INSERT INTO rls_tbl VALUES (1,'foo','ivm_user'), (2,'bar','postgres'); CREATE TABLE num_tbl(id int, num text); INSERT INTO num_tbl VALUES (1,'one'), (2,'two'), (3,'three'), (4,'four'); CREATE POLICY rls_tbl_policy ON rls_tbl FOR SELECT TO PUBLIC USING(owner = current_user); CREATE POLICY rls_tbl_policy2 ON rls_tbl FOR INSERT TO PUBLIC WITH CHECK(current_user LIKE 'ivm_%'); ALTER TABLE rls_tbl ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY; GRANT ALL on rls_tbl TO PUBLIC; GRANT ALL on num_tbl TO PUBLIC; SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION ivm_user; SELECT create_immv('ivm_rls', 'SELECT * FROM rls_tbl'); NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "ivm_rls" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain GROUP BY or DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 1 (1 row) SELECT id, data, owner FROM ivm_rls ORDER BY 1,2,3; id | data | owner ----+------+---------- 1 | foo | ivm_user (1 row) INSERT INTO rls_tbl VALUES (3,'baz','ivm_user'), (4,'qux','postgres'); SELECT id, data, owner FROM ivm_rls ORDER BY 1,2,3; id | data | owner ----+------+---------- 1 | foo | ivm_user 3 | baz | ivm_user (2 rows) SELECT create_immv('ivm_rls2', 'SELECT * FROM rls_tbl JOIN num_tbl USING(id)'); NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "ivm_rls2" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain GROUP BY or DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 2 (1 row) RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION; WITH x AS (UPDATE rls_tbl SET data = data || '_2' where id in (3,4)), y AS (UPDATE num_tbl SET num = num || '_2' where id in (3,4)) SELECT; -- (1 row) SELECT * FROM ivm_rls2 ORDER BY 1,2,3; id | data | owner | num ----+-------+----------+--------- 1 | foo | ivm_user | one 3 | baz_2 | ivm_user | three_2 (2 rows) DROP TABLE rls_tbl CASCADE; NOTICE: drop cascades to 2 other objects DETAIL: drop cascades to table ivm_rls drop cascades to table ivm_rls2 DROP TABLE num_tbl CASCADE; DROP USER ivm_user; DROP USER ivm_admin; -- automatic index creation BEGIN; CREATE TABLE base_a (i int primary key, j int); CREATE TABLE base_b (i int primary key, j int); --- group by: create an index SELECT create_immv('mv_idx1', 'SELECT i, sum(j) FROM base_a GROUP BY i'); NOTICE: created index "mv_idx1_index" on immv "mv_idx1" create_immv ------------- 0 (1 row) --- distinct: create an index SELECT create_immv('mv_idx2', 'SELECT DISTINCT j FROM base_a'); NOTICE: created index "mv_idx2_index" on immv "mv_idx2" create_immv ------------- 0 (1 row) --- with all pkey columns: create an index SELECT create_immv('mv_idx3(i_a, i_b)', 'SELECT a.i, b.i FROM base_a a, base_b b'); NOTICE: created index "mv_idx3_index" on immv "mv_idx3" create_immv ------------- 0 (1 row) --- missing some pkey columns: no index SELECT create_immv('mv_idx4', 'SELECT j FROM base_a'); NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "mv_idx4" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain GROUP BY or DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 0 (1 row) SELECT create_immv('mv_idx5', 'SELECT a.i, b.j FROM base_a a, base_b b'); NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "mv_idx5" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain GROUP BY or DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 0 (1 row) --- subqueries SELECT create_immv('mv_idx6(i_a, i_b)', 'SELECT a.i, b.i FROM (SELECT * FROM base_a) a, (SELECT * FROM base_b) b'); NOTICE: created index "mv_idx6_index" on immv "mv_idx6" create_immv ------------- 0 (1 row) ROLLBACK; -- prevent IMMV chanages INSERT INTO mv_ivm_1 VALUES(1,1,1); ERROR: cannot change materialized view "mv_ivm_1" UPDATE mv_ivm_1 SET k = 1 WHERE i = 1; ERROR: cannot change materialized view "mv_ivm_1" DELETE FROM mv_ivm_1; ERROR: cannot change materialized view "mv_ivm_1" TRUNCATE mv_ivm_1; ERROR: cannot change materialized view "mv_ivm_1" -- get_immv_def function SELECT immvrelid, get_immv_def(immvrelid) FROM pg_ivm_immv ORDER BY 1; immvrelid | get_immv_def -----------+---------------------------------- mv_ivm_1 | SELECT a.i, + | a.j, + | b.k + | FROM (mv_base_a a + | JOIN mv_base_b b USING (i)) (1 row) -- mv_base_b is not immv SELECT 'mv_base_b'::regclass, get_immv_def('mv_base_b'); regclass | get_immv_def -----------+-------------- mv_base_b | (1 row) DROP TABLE mv_base_b CASCADE; NOTICE: drop cascades to 3 other objects DETAIL: drop cascades to table mv_ivm_1 drop cascades to view b_view drop cascades to materialized view b_mview DROP TABLE mv_base_a CASCADE;