CREATE EXTENSION pg_ivm; GRANT ALL ON SCHEMA public TO public; -- create a table to use as a basis for views and materialized views in various combinations CREATE TABLE mv_base_a (i int, j int); INSERT INTO mv_base_a VALUES (1,10), (2,20), (3,30), (4,40), (5,50); CREATE TABLE mv_base_b (i int, k int); INSERT INTO mv_base_b VALUES (1,101), (2,102), (3,103), (4,104); -- CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW mv_ivm_1 AS SELECT i,j,k FROM mv_base_a a INNER JOIN mv_base_b b USING(i) WITH NO DATA; SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_1', 'SELECT i,j,k FROM mv_base_a a INNER JOIN mv_base_b b USING(i)'); NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "mv_ivm_1" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 4 (1 row) SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_1 ORDER BY 1,2,3; i | j | k ---+----+----- 1 | 10 | 101 2 | 20 | 102 3 | 30 | 103 4 | 40 | 104 (4 rows) -- immediate maintenance BEGIN; INSERT INTO mv_base_b VALUES(5,105); SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_1 ORDER BY 1,2,3; i | j | k ---+----+----- 1 | 10 | 101 2 | 20 | 102 3 | 30 | 103 4 | 40 | 104 5 | 50 | 105 (5 rows) UPDATE mv_base_a SET j = 0 WHERE i = 1; SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_1 ORDER BY 1,2,3; i | j | k ---+----+----- 1 | 0 | 101 2 | 20 | 102 3 | 30 | 103 4 | 40 | 104 5 | 50 | 105 (5 rows) DELETE FROM mv_base_b WHERE (i,k) = (5,105); SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_1 ORDER BY 1,2,3; i | j | k ---+----+----- 1 | 0 | 101 2 | 20 | 102 3 | 30 | 103 4 | 40 | 104 (4 rows) ROLLBACK; SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_1 ORDER BY 1,2,3; i | j | k ---+----+----- 1 | 10 | 101 2 | 20 | 102 3 | 30 | 103 4 | 40 | 104 (4 rows) -- some query syntax BEGIN; CREATE FUNCTION ivm_func() RETURNS int LANGUAGE 'sql' AS 'SELECT 1' IMMUTABLE; SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_func', 'SELECT * FROM ivm_func()'); NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "mv_ivm_func" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 1 (1 row) SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_no_tbl', 'SELECT 1'); NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "mv_ivm_no_tbl" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 1 (1 row) ROLLBACK; -- result of materialized view have DISTINCT clause or the duplicate result. BEGIN; SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_duplicate', 'SELECT j FROM mv_base_a'); NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "mv_ivm_duplicate" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 5 (1 row) SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_distinct', 'SELECT DISTINCT j FROM mv_base_a'); NOTICE: created index "mv_ivm_distinct_index" on immv "mv_ivm_distinct" create_immv ------------- 5 (1 row) INSERT INTO mv_base_a VALUES(6,20); SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_duplicate ORDER BY 1; j ---- 10 20 20 30 40 50 (6 rows) SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_distinct ORDER BY 1; j | __ivm_count__ ----+--------------- 10 | 1 20 | 2 30 | 1 40 | 1 50 | 1 (5 rows) DELETE FROM mv_base_a WHERE (i,j) = (2,20); SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_duplicate ORDER BY 1; j ---- 10 20 30 40 50 (5 rows) SELECT * FROM mv_ivm_distinct ORDER BY 1; j | __ivm_count__ ----+--------------- 10 | 1 20 | 1 30 | 1 40 | 1 50 | 1 (5 rows) ROLLBACK; -- not support SUM(), COUNT() and AVG() aggregate functions SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_agg', 'SELECT i, SUM(j), COUNT(i), AVG(j) FROM mv_base_a GROUP BY i'); ERROR: aggregate function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- support self join view and multiple change on the same table BEGIN; CREATE TABLE base_t (i int, v int); INSERT INTO base_t VALUES (1, 10), (2, 20), (3, 30); SELECT create_immv('mv_self(v1, v2)', 'SELECT t1.v, t2.v FROM base_t AS t1 JOIN base_t AS t2 ON t1.i = t2.i'); NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "mv_self" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 3 (1 row) SELECT * FROM mv_self ORDER BY v1; v1 | v2 ----+---- 10 | 10 20 | 20 30 | 30 (3 rows) INSERT INTO base_t VALUES (4,40); DELETE FROM base_t WHERE i = 1; UPDATE base_t SET v = v*10 WHERE i=2; SELECT * FROM mv_self ORDER BY v1; v1 | v2 -----+----- 30 | 30 40 | 40 200 | 200 (3 rows) WITH ins_t1 AS (INSERT INTO base_t VALUES (5,50) RETURNING 1), ins_t2 AS (INSERT INTO base_t VALUES (6,60) RETURNING 1), upd_t AS (UPDATE base_t SET v = v + 100 RETURNING 1), dlt_t AS (DELETE FROM base_t WHERE i IN (4,5) RETURNING 1) SELECT NULL; ?column? ---------- (1 row) SELECT * FROM mv_self ORDER BY v1; v1 | v2 -----+----- 50 | 50 60 | 60 130 | 130 300 | 300 (4 rows) ROLLBACK; -- support simultaneous table changes BEGIN; CREATE TABLE base_r (i int, v int); CREATE TABLE base_s (i int, v int); INSERT INTO base_r VALUES (1, 10), (2, 20), (3, 30); INSERT INTO base_s VALUES (1, 100), (2, 200), (3, 300); SELECT create_immv('mv(v1, v2)', 'SELECT r.v, s.v FROM base_r AS r JOIN base_s AS s USING(i)');; NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "mv" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 3 (1 row) SELECT * FROM mv ORDER BY v1; v1 | v2 ----+----- 10 | 100 20 | 200 30 | 300 (3 rows) WITH ins_r AS (INSERT INTO base_r VALUES (1,11) RETURNING 1), ins_r2 AS (INSERT INTO base_r VALUES (3,33) RETURNING 1), ins_s AS (INSERT INTO base_s VALUES (2,222) RETURNING 1), upd_r AS (UPDATE base_r SET v = v + 1000 WHERE i = 2 RETURNING 1), dlt_s AS (DELETE FROM base_s WHERE i = 3 RETURNING 1) SELECT NULL; ?column? ---------- (1 row) SELECT * FROM mv ORDER BY v1; v1 | v2 ------+----- 10 | 100 11 | 100 1020 | 200 1020 | 222 (4 rows) -- support foreign reference constraints BEGIN; WARNING: there is already a transaction in progress CREATE TABLE ri1 (i int PRIMARY KEY); CREATE TABLE ri2 (i int PRIMARY KEY REFERENCES ri1(i) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE, v int); INSERT INTO ri1 VALUES (1),(2),(3); INSERT INTO ri2 VALUES (1),(2),(3); SELECT create_immv('mv_ri(i1, i2)', 'SELECT ri1.i, ri2.i FROM ri1 JOIN ri2 USING(i)'); NOTICE: created index "mv_ri_index" on immv "mv_ri" create_immv ------------- 3 (1 row) SELECT * FROM mv_ri ORDER BY i1; i1 | i2 ----+---- 1 | 1 2 | 2 3 | 3 (3 rows) UPDATE ri1 SET i=10 where i=1; DELETE FROM ri1 WHERE i=2; SELECT * FROM mv_ri ORDER BY i2; i1 | i2 ----+---- 3 | 3 10 | 10 (2 rows) ROLLBACK; -- views including NULL BEGIN; CREATE TABLE base_t (i int, v int); INSERT INTO base_t VALUES (1,10),(2, NULL); SELECT create_immv('mv', 'SELECT * FROM base_t'); NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "mv" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 2 (1 row) SELECT * FROM mv ORDER BY i; i | v ---+---- 1 | 10 2 | (2 rows) UPDATE base_t SET v = 20 WHERE i = 2; SELECT * FROM mv ORDER BY i; i | v ---+---- 1 | 10 2 | 20 (2 rows) ROLLBACK; BEGIN; CREATE TABLE base_t (i int); SELECT create_immv('mv', 'SELECT * FROM base_t'); NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "mv" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 0 (1 row) SELECT * FROM mv ORDER BY i; i --- (0 rows) INSERT INTO base_t VALUES (1),(NULL); SELECT * FROM mv ORDER BY i; i --- 1 (2 rows) ROLLBACK; -- IMMV containing user defined type BEGIN; CREATE TYPE mytype; CREATE FUNCTION mytype_in(cstring) RETURNS mytype AS 'int4in' LANGUAGE INTERNAL STRICT IMMUTABLE; NOTICE: return type mytype is only a shell CREATE FUNCTION mytype_out(mytype) RETURNS cstring AS 'int4out' LANGUAGE INTERNAL STRICT IMMUTABLE; NOTICE: argument type mytype is only a shell CREATE TYPE mytype ( LIKE = int4, INPUT = mytype_in, OUTPUT = mytype_out ); CREATE FUNCTION mytype_eq(mytype, mytype) RETURNS bool AS 'int4eq' LANGUAGE INTERNAL STRICT IMMUTABLE; CREATE FUNCTION mytype_lt(mytype, mytype) RETURNS bool AS 'int4lt' LANGUAGE INTERNAL STRICT IMMUTABLE; CREATE FUNCTION mytype_cmp(mytype, mytype) RETURNS integer AS 'btint4cmp' LANGUAGE INTERNAL STRICT IMMUTABLE; CREATE OPERATOR = ( leftarg = mytype, rightarg = mytype, procedure = mytype_eq); CREATE OPERATOR < ( leftarg = mytype, rightarg = mytype, procedure = mytype_lt); CREATE OPERATOR CLASS mytype_ops DEFAULT FOR TYPE mytype USING btree AS OPERATOR 1 <, OPERATOR 3 = , FUNCTION 1 mytype_cmp(mytype,mytype); CREATE TABLE t_mytype (x mytype); SELECT create_immv('mv_mytype', 'SELECT * FROM t_mytype'); NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "mv_mytype" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 0 (1 row) INSERT INTO t_mytype VALUES ('1'::mytype); SELECT * FROM mv_mytype; x --- 1 (1 row) ROLLBACK; -- outer join is not supported SELECT create_immv('mv(a,b)', 'SELECT a.i, b.i FROM mv_base_a a LEFT JOIN mv_base_b b ON a.i=b.i'); ERROR: OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- CTE is not supported SELECT create_immv('mv', 'WITH b AS ( SELECT * FROM mv_base_b) SELECT a.i,a.j FROM mv_base_a a, b WHERE a.i = b.i;'); ERROR: CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- contain system column SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm01', 'SELECT i,j,xmin FROM mv_base_a'); ERROR: system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm02', 'SELECT i,j FROM mv_base_a WHERE xmin = ''610'''); ERROR: system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm03', 'SELECT i,j,xmin::text AS x_min FROM mv_base_a'); ERROR: system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm04', 'SELECT i,j,xidsend(xmin) AS x_min FROM mv_base_a'); ERROR: system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- contain subquery SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm03', 'SELECT i,j FROM mv_base_a WHERE i IN (SELECT i FROM mv_base_b WHERE k < 103 )'); ERROR: subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm04', 'SELECT a.i,a.j FROM mv_base_a a, (SELECT * FROM mv_base_b) b WHERE a.i = b.i'); ERROR: subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm05', 'SELECT i,j, (SELECT k FROM mv_base_b b WHERE a.i = b.i) FROM mv_base_a a'); ERROR: subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- contain ORDER BY SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm07', 'SELECT i,j,k FROM mv_base_a a INNER JOIN mv_base_b b USING(i) ORDER BY i,j,k'); ERROR: ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- contain HAVING SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm08', 'SELECT i,j,k FROM mv_base_a a INNER JOIN mv_base_b b USING(i) GROUP BY i,j,k HAVING SUM(i) > 5'); ERROR: HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- contain view or materialized view CREATE VIEW b_view AS SELECT i,k FROM mv_base_b; CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW b_mview AS SELECT i,k FROM mv_base_b; SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm07', 'SELECT a.i,a.j FROM mv_base_a a,b_view b WHERE a.i = b.i'); ERROR: VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm08', 'SELECT a.i,a.j FROM mv_base_a a,b_mview b WHERE a.i = b.i'); ERROR: VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm09', 'SELECT a.i,a.j FROM mv_base_a a, (SELECT i, COUNT(*) FROM mv_base_b GROUP BY i) b WHERE a.i = b.i'); ERROR: subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- contain mutable functions SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm12', 'SELECT i,j FROM mv_base_a WHERE i = random()::int'); ERROR: mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view HINT: functions must be marked IMMUTABLE -- LIMIT/OFFSET is not supported SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm13', 'SELECT i,j FROM mv_base_a LIMIT 10 OFFSET 5'); ERROR: LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- DISTINCT ON is not supported SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm14', 'SELECT DISTINCT ON(i) i, j FROM mv_base_a'); ERROR: DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm15', 'SELECT i, j FROM mv_base_a TABLESAMPLE SYSTEM(50)'); ERROR: TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- window functions are not supported SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm16', 'SELECT *, cume_dist() OVER (ORDER BY i) AS rank FROM mv_base_a'); ERROR: window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- inheritance parent is not supported BEGIN; CREATE TABLE parent (i int, v int); CREATE TABLE child_a(options text) INHERITS(parent); SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm21', 'SELECT * FROM parent'); ERROR: inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view ROLLBACK; -- UNION statement is not supported SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm22', 'SELECT i,j FROM mv_base_a UNION ALL SELECT i,k FROM mv_base_b'); ERROR: UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- empty target list is not allowed with IVM SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm25', 'SELECT FROM mv_base_a'); ERROR: empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- FOR UPDATE/SHARE is not supported SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm26', 'SELECT i,j FROM mv_base_a FOR UPDATE'); ERROR: FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- tartget list cannot contain ivm column that start with '__ivm' SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm28', 'SELECT i AS "__ivm_count__" FROM mv_base_a'); ERROR: column name __ivm_count__ is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- VALUES is not supported SELECT create_immv('mv_ivm_only_values1', 'values(1)'); ERROR: VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view -- base table which has row level security DROP USER IF EXISTS ivm_admin; NOTICE: role "ivm_admin" does not exist, skipping DROP USER IF EXISTS ivm_user; NOTICE: role "ivm_user" does not exist, skipping CREATE USER ivm_admin; CREATE USER ivm_user; SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION ivm_admin; CREATE TABLE rls_tbl(id int, data text, owner name); INSERT INTO rls_tbl VALUES (1,'foo','ivm_user'), (2,'bar','postgres'); CREATE TABLE num_tbl(id int, num text); INSERT INTO num_tbl VALUES (1,'one'), (2,'two'), (3,'three'), (4,'four'); CREATE POLICY rls_tbl_policy ON rls_tbl FOR SELECT TO PUBLIC USING(owner = current_user); CREATE POLICY rls_tbl_policy2 ON rls_tbl FOR INSERT TO PUBLIC WITH CHECK(current_user LIKE 'ivm_%'); ALTER TABLE rls_tbl ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY; GRANT ALL on rls_tbl TO PUBLIC; GRANT ALL on num_tbl TO PUBLIC; SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION ivm_user; SELECT create_immv('ivm_rls', 'SELECT * FROM rls_tbl'); NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "ivm_rls" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 1 (1 row) SELECT id, data, owner FROM ivm_rls ORDER BY 1,2,3; id | data | owner ----+------+---------- 1 | foo | ivm_user (1 row) INSERT INTO rls_tbl VALUES (3,'baz','ivm_user'), (4,'qux','postgres'); SELECT id, data, owner FROM ivm_rls ORDER BY 1,2,3; id | data | owner ----+------+---------- 1 | foo | ivm_user 3 | baz | ivm_user (2 rows) SELECT create_immv('ivm_rls2', 'SELECT * FROM rls_tbl JOIN num_tbl USING(id)'); NOTICE: could not create an index on immv "ivm_rls2" automatically DETAIL: This target list does not have all the primary key columns, or this view does not contain DISTINCT clause. HINT: Create an index on the immv for efficient incremental maintenance. create_immv ------------- 2 (1 row) RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION; WITH x AS (UPDATE rls_tbl SET data = data || '_2' where id in (3,4)), y AS (UPDATE num_tbl SET num = num || '_2' where id in (3,4)) SELECT; -- (1 row) SELECT * FROM ivm_rls2 ORDER BY 1,2,3; id | data | owner | num ----+-------+----------+--------- 1 | foo | ivm_user | one 3 | baz_2 | ivm_user | three_2 (2 rows) DROP TABLE rls_tbl CASCADE; NOTICE: drop cascades to 2 other objects DETAIL: drop cascades to table ivm_rls drop cascades to table ivm_rls2 DROP TABLE num_tbl CASCADE; DROP USER ivm_user; DROP USER ivm_admin; -- prevent IMMV chanages INSERT INTO mv_ivm_1 VALUES(1,1,1); ERROR: cannot change materialized view "mv_ivm_1" UPDATE mv_ivm_1 SET k = 1 WHERE i = 1; ERROR: cannot change materialized view "mv_ivm_1" DELETE FROM mv_ivm_1; ERROR: cannot change materialized view "mv_ivm_1" TRUNCATE mv_ivm_1; ERROR: cannot change materialized view "mv_ivm_1" DROP TABLE mv_base_b CASCADE; NOTICE: drop cascades to 3 other objects DETAIL: drop cascades to table mv_ivm_1 drop cascades to view b_view drop cascades to materialized view b_mview DROP TABLE mv_base_a CASCADE;