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Swagger Support
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<h1 id="swagger-support">Swagger Support</h1>
<pre><code>[metosin/reitit-swagger &quot;0.3.5&quot;]
</code></pre><p>Reitit supports <a href="https://swagger.io/" target="_blank">Swagger2</a> documentation, thanks to <a href="https://github.com/metosin/schema-tools" target="_blank">schema-tools</a> and <a href="https://github.com/metosin/spec-tools" target="_blank">spec-tools</a>. Documentation is extracted from route definitions, coercion <code>:parameters</code> and <code>:responses</code> and from a set of new documentation keys.</p>
<p>To enable swagger-documentation for a ring-router:</p>
<ol>
<li>annotate your routes with swagger-data</li>
<li>mount a swagger-handler to serve the swagger-spec</li>
<li>optionally mount a swagger-ui to visualize the swagger-spec</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="swagger-data">Swagger data</h2>
<p>The following route data keys contribute to the generated swagger specification:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>key</th>
<th>description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>:swagger</td>
<td>map of any swagger-data. Can have <code>:id</code> (keyword or sequence of keywords) to identify the api</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:no-doc</td>
<td>optional boolean to exclude endpoint from api docs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:tags</td>
<td>optional set of strings of keywords tags for an endpoint api docs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:summary</td>
<td>optional short string summary of an endpoint</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:description</td>
<td>optional long description of an endpoint. Supports <a href="http://spec.commonmark.org/" target="_blank">http://spec.commonmark.org/</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Coercion keys also contribute to the docs:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>key</th>
<th>description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>:parameters</td>
<td>optional input parameters for a route, in a format defined by the coercion</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:responses</td>
<td>optional descriptions of responess, in a format defined by coercion</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>There is a <code>reitit.swagger.swagger-feature</code>, which acts as both a <code>Middleware</code> and an <code>Interceptor</code> that is not participating in any request processing - it just defines the route data specs for the routes it&apos;s mounted to. It is only needed if the <a href="route_data_validation.html">route data validation</a> is turned on.</p>
<h2 id="swagger-spec">Swagger spec</h2>
<p>To serve the actual <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/master/versions/2.0.md" target="_blank">Swagger Specification</a>, there is <code>reitit.swagger/create-swagger-handler</code>. It takes no arguments and returns a ring-handler which collects at request-time data from all routes for the same swagger api and returns a formatted Swagger specification as Clojure data, to be encoded by a response formatter.</p>
<p>If you need to post-process the generated spec, just wrap the handler with a custom <code>Middleware</code> or an <code>Interceptor</code>.</p>
<h2 id="swagger-ui">Swagger-ui</h2>
<p><a href="https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui" target="_blank">Swagger-ui</a> is a user interface to visualize and interact with the Swagger specification. To make things easy, there is a pre-integrated version of the swagger-ui as a separate module.</p>
<pre><code>[metosin/reitit-swagger-ui &quot;0.3.5&quot;]
</code></pre><p><code>reitit.swagger-ui/create-swagger-ui-hander</code> can be used to create a ring-handler to serve the swagger-ui. It accepts the following options:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>key</th>
<th>description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>:parameter</td>
<td>optional name of the wildcard parameter, defaults to unnamed keyword <code>:</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:root</td>
<td>optional resource root, defaults to <code>&quot;swagger-ui&quot;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:url</td>
<td>path to swagger endpoint, defaults to <code>/swagger.json</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:path</td>
<td>optional path to mount the handler to. Works only if mounted outside of a router.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:config</td>
<td>parameters passed to swaggger-ui as-is. See <a href="https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui/tree/2.x#parameters" target="_blank">the docs</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>We use swagger-ui from <a href="https://github.com/metosin/ring-swagger-ui" target="_blank">ring-swagger-ui</a>, which can be easily configured from routing application. It stores files <code>swagger-ui</code> in the resource classpath.</p>
<p>Webjars also hosts a <a href="https://github.com/webjars/swagger-ui" target="_blank">version</a> of the swagger-ui.</p>
<p><strong>NOTE</strong>: Currently, swagger-ui module is just for Clojure. ClojureScript-support welcome as a PR!</p>
<h2 id="examples">Examples</h2>
<h3 id="simple-example">Simple example</h3>
<ul>
<li>two routes</li>
<li>swagger-spec served from <code>&quot;/swagger.json&quot;</code></li>
<li>swagger-ui mounted to <code>&quot;/api-docs&quot;</code></li>
<li>note that for real-world use, you need a <a href="default_middleware.html#content-negotiation">content-negation middleware</a> -
see the next example</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="lang-clj">(<span class="hljs-name">require</span> &apos;[reitit.ring <span class="hljs-symbol">:as</span> ring])
(<span class="hljs-name">require</span> &apos;[reitit.swagger <span class="hljs-symbol">:as</span> swagger])
(<span class="hljs-name">require</span> &apos;[reitit.swagger-ui <span class="hljs-symbol">:as</span> swagger-ui])
(<span class="hljs-name"><span class="hljs-builtin-name">def</span></span> app
(<span class="hljs-name">ring/ring-handler</span>
(<span class="hljs-name">ring/router</span>
[[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;/api&quot;</span>
[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;/ping&quot;</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:get</span> (<span class="hljs-name"><span class="hljs-builtin-name">constantly</span></span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:status</span> <span class="hljs-number">200</span>, <span class="hljs-symbol">:body</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;ping&quot;</span>})}]
[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;/pong&quot;</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:post</span> (<span class="hljs-name"><span class="hljs-builtin-name">constantly</span></span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:status</span> <span class="hljs-number">200</span>, <span class="hljs-symbol">:body</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;pong&quot;</span>})}]]
[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;&quot;</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:no-doc</span> <span class="hljs-literal">true</span>}
[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;/swagger.json&quot;</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:get</span> (<span class="hljs-name">swagger/create-swagger-handler</span>)}]
[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;/api-docs/*&quot;</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:get</span> (<span class="hljs-name">swagger-ui/create-swagger-ui-handler</span>)}]]])))
</code></pre>
<p>The generated swagger spec:</p>
<pre><code class="lang-clj">(<span class="hljs-name">app</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:request-method</span> <span class="hljs-symbol">:get</span> <span class="hljs-symbol">:uri</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;/swagger.json&quot;</span>})
<span class="hljs-comment">;{:status 200</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">; :body {:swagger &quot;2.0&quot;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">; :x-id #{:reitit.swagger/default}</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">; :paths {&quot;/api/ping&quot; {:get {}}</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">; &quot;/api/pong&quot; {:post {}}}}}</span>
</code></pre>
<p>Swagger-ui:</p>
<pre><code class="lang-clj">(<span class="hljs-name">app</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:request-method</span> <span class="hljs-symbol">:get</span>, <span class="hljs-symbol">:uri</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;/api-docs/index.html&quot;</span>})
<span class="hljs-comment">; ... the swagger-ui index-page, configured correctly</span>
</code></pre>
<p>You might be interested in adding a <a href="slash_handler.html">trailing slash handler</a> to the app to serve the swagger-ui from <code>/api-docs</code> (without the trailing slash) too.</p>
<p>Another way to serve the swagger-ui is using the <a href="default_handler.html">default handler</a>:</p>
<pre><code class="lang-clj">(<span class="hljs-name"><span class="hljs-builtin-name">def</span></span> app
(<span class="hljs-name">ring/ring-handler</span>
(<span class="hljs-name">ring/router</span>
[[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;/api&quot;</span>
[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;/ping&quot;</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:get</span> (<span class="hljs-name"><span class="hljs-builtin-name">constantly</span></span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:status</span> <span class="hljs-number">200</span>, <span class="hljs-symbol">:body</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;ping&quot;</span>})}]
[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;/pong&quot;</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:post</span> (<span class="hljs-name"><span class="hljs-builtin-name">constantly</span></span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:status</span> <span class="hljs-number">200</span>, <span class="hljs-symbol">:body</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;pong&quot;</span>})}]]
[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;/swagger.json&quot;</span>
{<span class="hljs-symbol">:get</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:no-doc</span> <span class="hljs-literal">true</span>
<span class="hljs-symbol">:handler</span> (<span class="hljs-name">swagger/create-swagger-handler</span>)}}]])
(<span class="hljs-name">swagger-ui/create-swagger-ui-handler</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:path</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;/api-docs&quot;</span>})))
</code></pre>
<h3 id="more-complete-example">More complete example</h3>
<ul>
<li><code>clojure.spec</code> coercion</li>
<li>swagger data (<code>:tags</code>, <code>:produces</code>, <code>:summary</code>, <code>:basePath</code>)</li>
<li>swagger-spec served from <code>&quot;/swagger.json&quot;</code></li>
<li>swagger-ui mounted to <code>&quot;/&quot;</code></li>
<li>set of middleware for content negotiation, exceptions, multipart etc.</li>
<li>missed routes are handled by <code>create-default-handler</code></li>
<li>served via <a href="https://github.com/ring-clojure/ring/tree/master/ring-jetty-adapter" target="_blank">ring-jetty</a></li>
</ul>
<p>Whole example project is in <a href="https://github.com/metosin/reitit/tree/master/examples/ring-swagger" target="_blank"><code>/examples/ring-swagger</code></a>.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-clj">(<span class="hljs-name"><span class="hljs-builtin-name">ns</span></span> example.server
(<span class="hljs-symbol">:require</span> [reitit.ring <span class="hljs-symbol">:as</span> ring]
[reitit.swagger <span class="hljs-symbol">:as</span> swagger]
[reitit.swagger-ui <span class="hljs-symbol">:as</span> swagger-ui]
[reitit.ring.coercion <span class="hljs-symbol">:as</span> coercion]
[reitit.coercion.spec]
[reitit.ring.middleware.muuntaja <span class="hljs-symbol">:as</span> muuntaja]
[reitit.ring.middleware.exception <span class="hljs-symbol">:as</span> exception]
[reitit.ring.middleware.multipart <span class="hljs-symbol">:as</span> multipart]
[reitit.ring.middleware.parameters <span class="hljs-symbol">:as</span> parameters]
[ring.middleware.params <span class="hljs-symbol">:as</span> params]
[ring.adapter.jetty <span class="hljs-symbol">:as</span> jetty]
[muuntaja.core <span class="hljs-symbol">:as</span> m]
[clojure.java.io <span class="hljs-symbol">:as</span> io]))
(<span class="hljs-name"><span class="hljs-builtin-name">def</span></span> app
(<span class="hljs-name">ring/ring-handler</span>
(<span class="hljs-name">ring/router</span>
[[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;/swagger.json&quot;</span>
{<span class="hljs-symbol">:get</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:no-doc</span> <span class="hljs-literal">true</span>
<span class="hljs-symbol">:swagger</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:info</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:title</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;my-api&quot;</span>}
<span class="hljs-symbol">:basePath</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;/&quot;</span>} <span class="hljs-comment">;; prefix for all paths</span>
<span class="hljs-symbol">:handler</span> (<span class="hljs-name">swagger/create-swagger-handler</span>)}}]
[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;/files&quot;</span>
{<span class="hljs-symbol">:swagger</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:tags</span> [<span class="hljs-string">&quot;files&quot;</span>]}}
[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;/upload&quot;</span>
{<span class="hljs-symbol">:post</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:summary</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;upload a file&quot;</span>
<span class="hljs-symbol">:parameters</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:multipart</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:file</span> multipart/temp-file-part}}
<span class="hljs-symbol">:responses</span> {<span class="hljs-number">200</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:body</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:file</span> multipart/temp-file-part}}}
<span class="hljs-symbol">:handler</span> (<span class="hljs-name"><span class="hljs-builtin-name">fn</span></span> [{{{<span class="hljs-symbol">:keys</span> [file]} <span class="hljs-symbol">:multipart</span>} <span class="hljs-symbol">:parameters</span>}]
{<span class="hljs-symbol">:status</span> <span class="hljs-number">200</span>
<span class="hljs-symbol">:body</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:file</span> file}})}}]
[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;/download&quot;</span>
{<span class="hljs-symbol">:get</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:summary</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;downloads a file&quot;</span>
<span class="hljs-symbol">:swagger</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:produces</span> [<span class="hljs-string">&quot;image/png&quot;</span>]}
<span class="hljs-symbol">:handler</span> (<span class="hljs-name"><span class="hljs-builtin-name">fn</span></span> [_]
{<span class="hljs-symbol">:status</span> <span class="hljs-number">200</span>
<span class="hljs-symbol">:headers</span> {<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Content-Type&quot;</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;image/png&quot;</span>}
<span class="hljs-symbol">:body</span> (<span class="hljs-name">io/input-stream</span> (<span class="hljs-name">io/resource</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;reitit.png&quot;</span>))})}}]]
[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;/math&quot;</span>
{<span class="hljs-symbol">:swagger</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:tags</span> [<span class="hljs-string">&quot;math&quot;</span>]}}
[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;/plus&quot;</span>
{<span class="hljs-symbol">:get</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:summary</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;plus with spec query parameters&quot;</span>
<span class="hljs-symbol">:parameters</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:query</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:x</span> int?, <span class="hljs-symbol">:y</span> int?}}
<span class="hljs-symbol">:responses</span> {<span class="hljs-number">200</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:body</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:total</span> int?}}}
<span class="hljs-symbol">:handler</span> (<span class="hljs-name"><span class="hljs-builtin-name">fn</span></span> [{{{<span class="hljs-symbol">:keys</span> [x y]} <span class="hljs-symbol">:query</span>} <span class="hljs-symbol">:parameters</span>}]
{<span class="hljs-symbol">:status</span> <span class="hljs-number">200</span>
<span class="hljs-symbol">:body</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:total</span> (<span class="hljs-name"><span class="hljs-builtin-name">+</span></span> x y)}})}
<span class="hljs-symbol">:post</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:summary</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;plus with spec body parameters&quot;</span>
<span class="hljs-symbol">:parameters</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:body</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:x</span> int?, <span class="hljs-symbol">:y</span> int?}}
<span class="hljs-symbol">:responses</span> {<span class="hljs-number">200</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:body</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:total</span> int?}}}
<span class="hljs-symbol">:handler</span> (<span class="hljs-name"><span class="hljs-builtin-name">fn</span></span> [{{{<span class="hljs-symbol">:keys</span> [x y]} <span class="hljs-symbol">:body</span>} <span class="hljs-symbol">:parameters</span>}]
{<span class="hljs-symbol">:status</span> <span class="hljs-number">200</span>
<span class="hljs-symbol">:body</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:total</span> (<span class="hljs-name"><span class="hljs-builtin-name">+</span></span> x y)}})}}]]]
{<span class="hljs-symbol">:data</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:coercion</span> reitit.coercion.spec/coercion
<span class="hljs-symbol">:muuntaja</span> m/instance
<span class="hljs-symbol">:middleware</span> [<span class="hljs-comment">;; query-params &amp; form-params</span>
parameters/parameters-middleware
<span class="hljs-comment">;; content-negotiation</span>
muuntaja/format-negotiate-middleware
<span class="hljs-comment">;; encoding response body</span>
muuntaja/format-response-middleware
<span class="hljs-comment">;; exception handling</span>
exception/exception-middleware
<span class="hljs-comment">;; decoding request body</span>
muuntaja/format-request-middleware
<span class="hljs-comment">;; coercing response bodys</span>
coercion/coerce-response-middleware
<span class="hljs-comment">;; coercing request parameters</span>
coercion/coerce-request-middleware
<span class="hljs-comment">;; multipart</span>
multipart/multipart-middleware]}})
(<span class="hljs-name">ring/routes</span>
(<span class="hljs-name">swagger-ui/create-swagger-ui-handler</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:path</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;/&quot;</span>})
(<span class="hljs-name">ring/create-default-handler</span>))))
(<span class="hljs-name"><span class="hljs-builtin-name">defn</span></span> start []
(<span class="hljs-name">jetty/run-jetty</span> #&apos;app {<span class="hljs-symbol">:port</span> <span class="hljs-number">3000</span>, <span class="hljs-symbol">:join?</span> <span class="hljs-literal">false</span>})
(<span class="hljs-name">println</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;server running in port 3000&quot;</span>))
</code></pre>
<p><a href="http://localhost:3000" target="_blank">http://localhost:3000</a> should render now the swagger-ui:</p>
<p><img src="../images/swagger.png" alt="Swagger-ui"></p>
<h2 id="multiple-swagger-apis">Multiple swagger apis</h2>
<p>There can be multiple swagger apis within a router. Each route can be part of 0..n swagger apis. Swagger apis are identified by value in route data under key path <code>[:swagger :id]</code>. It can be either a keyword or a sequence of keywords. Normal route data <a href="../basics/route_data.html#nested-route-data">scoping rules</a> rules apply.</p>
<p>Example with:</p>
<ul>
<li>4 routes</li>
<li>2 swagger apis <code>::one</code> and <code>::two</code></li>
<li>3 swagger specs</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="lang-clj">(<span class="hljs-name">require</span> &apos;[reitit.ring <span class="hljs-symbol">:as</span> ring])
(<span class="hljs-name">require</span> &apos;[reitit.swagger <span class="hljs-symbol">:as</span> swagger])
(<span class="hljs-name"><span class="hljs-builtin-name">def</span></span> ping-route
[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;/ping&quot;</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:get</span> (<span class="hljs-name"><span class="hljs-builtin-name">constantly</span></span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:status</span> <span class="hljs-number">200</span>, <span class="hljs-symbol">:body</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;ping&quot;</span>})}])
(<span class="hljs-name"><span class="hljs-builtin-name">def</span></span> spec-route
[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;/swagger.json&quot;</span>
{<span class="hljs-symbol">:get</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:no-doc</span> <span class="hljs-literal">true</span>
<span class="hljs-symbol">:handler</span> (<span class="hljs-name">swagger/create-swagger-handler</span>)}}])
(<span class="hljs-name"><span class="hljs-builtin-name">def</span></span> app
(<span class="hljs-name">ring/ring-handler</span>
(<span class="hljs-name">ring/router</span>
[[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;/common&quot;</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:swagger</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:id</span> #{<span class="hljs-symbol">::one</span> <span class="hljs-symbol">::two</span>}}} ping-route]
[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;/one&quot;</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:swagger</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:id</span> <span class="hljs-symbol">::one</span>}} ping-route spec-route]
[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;/two&quot;</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:swagger</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:id</span> <span class="hljs-symbol">::two</span>}} ping-route spec-route
[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;/deep&quot;</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:swagger</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:id</span> <span class="hljs-symbol">::one</span>}} ping-route]]
[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;/one-two&quot;</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:swagger</span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:id</span> #{<span class="hljs-symbol">::one</span> <span class="hljs-symbol">::two</span>}}} spec-route]])))
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="lang-clj">(<span class="hljs-name"><span class="hljs-builtin-name">-&gt;</span></span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:request-method</span> <span class="hljs-symbol">:get</span>, <span class="hljs-symbol">:uri</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;/one/swagger.json&quot;</span>} app <span class="hljs-symbol">:body</span> <span class="hljs-symbol">:paths</span> keys)
<span class="hljs-comment">; (&quot;/common/ping&quot; &quot;/one/ping&quot; &quot;/two/deep/ping&quot;)</span>
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="lang-clj">(<span class="hljs-name"><span class="hljs-builtin-name">-&gt;</span></span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:request-method</span> <span class="hljs-symbol">:get</span>, <span class="hljs-symbol">:uri</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;/two/swagger.json&quot;</span>} app <span class="hljs-symbol">:body</span> <span class="hljs-symbol">:paths</span> keys)
<span class="hljs-comment">; (&quot;/common/ping&quot; &quot;/two/ping&quot;)</span>
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="lang-clj">(<span class="hljs-name"><span class="hljs-builtin-name">-&gt;</span></span> {<span class="hljs-symbol">:request-method</span> <span class="hljs-symbol">:get</span>, <span class="hljs-symbol">:uri</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;/one-two/swagger.json&quot;</span>} app <span class="hljs-symbol">:body</span> <span class="hljs-symbol">:paths</span> keys)
<span class="hljs-comment">; (&quot;/common/ping&quot; &quot;/one/ping&quot; &quot;/two/ping&quot; &quot;/two/deep/ping&quot;)</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="todo">TODO</h3>
<ul>
<li>ClojureScript<ul>
<li>example for <a href="https://github.com/macchiato-framework" target="_blank">Macchiato</a></li>
<li>body formatting</li>
<li>resource handling</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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